Exploring the Wonders of Evolution and Consciousness
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Chapter 1: The Enigma of Evolution
The more we uncover through science, the more intricate and enigmatic our world appears.
Illustration: Andy Friedman
By Kevin Berger
Jonathan Weiner stands out as one of the most engaging science writers. He brings to life complex subjects like evolution and genetics through captivating narratives about groundbreaking scientists, creating a sense of adventure that keeps readers hooked. A visit to the Galapagos Islands to witness the remarkable blue-footed boobies is incomplete without reading The Beak of the Finch, Weiner's Pulitzer Prize-winning work from 1994, which chronicles the research of biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant. This book offers a vivid snapshot of evolution, focusing on Darwin’s finches.
Weiner's vivid portrayals of notable figures, such as Seymour Benzer, the unconventional protagonist of his 1999 book, Time, Love, Memory, are unmatched. In the 1960s, Benzer sought to connect the dots from genes to neurons, brain function, and behavior, dissecting various animal brains he obtained from the butcher’s shop. He would often perform these dissections late at night, indulging in culinary experiments afterward.
In a recent conversation, we asked Weiner to elaborate on the three central themes—Genius, Big Bangs, Nothingness—featured in the Winter 2015 issue of Nautilus Quarterly, where he is highlighted. True to form, Weiner spun his reflections into a compelling narrative about evolution, peppered with delightful anecdotes. Our discussion unfolded in a quaint café in Sardinia, located near his Upper West Side residence in Manhattan.
Section 1.1: Defining Genius
Who do you consider a genius?
Naturally, Charles Darwin comes to mind. Interestingly, Darwin himself downplayed his genius, adhering to a personal motto: "It’s dogged as does it." His fondness for dogs adds a humorous twist to this self-assessment. A significant aspect of Darwin's brilliance lay in his patience and perseverance. In his notebooks, penned after his voyage on the Beagle, he noted, "My handwriting same as Grandfather." His grandfather, Erasmus, had been an early evolutionist, yet he lacked an explanation for why life evolves. Darwin, however, spent eight years studying barnacles, driven by a relentless pursuit of knowledge that surpassed mere inspiration.
Section 1.2: The Impact of Reading Darwin
Do you recall your first encounter with Darwin's works?
Absolutely! I thoroughly enjoyed reading The Voyage of the Beagle before my trip to the Galapagos and found great pleasure in it. Throughout the writing of The Beak of the Finch, I also immersed myself in The Origin of Species, alongside reading the King James Bible for its prose and reverence for life. I sought to convey a similar reverence for evolution through Darwin's perspective in my writing.
Subsection 1.2.1: The Significance of Finch Beaks
What makes the beaks of finches so remarkable?
The beaks of Darwin’s finches serve as a primary example of natural selection. The survival of these birds hinges on their ability to collect sufficient seeds, necessitating the perfect beak shape for accessing specific seeds. Those fortunate enough to have beaks capable of cracking tough seeds may survive droughts that threaten others. The finch's beak encapsulates Darwin's theories, giving tangible form to his ideas.
Chapter 2: Personalities of Science
The first video features Rep. Anthony Weiner discussing critical ideas surrounding science and governance.
The second video showcases a hearing led by Rep. Patrick Murphy on the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy, highlighting the intersection of policy and science.
What about Seymour Benzer?
While not traditionally labeled a genius, he established the first definitive connections between genes and behavior, leaving a lasting impact. Benzer had a golden retriever named Cassandra, and he often speculated about her behavior. During our walks, he would share amusing insights, such as how he felt a need to use the restroom when surrounded by musty books in a library. Many who knew him shared similar anecdotes, highlighting his imaginative thinking.
What would you say was a transformative moment in your career?
As a journalist, my "Big Bang" moment came with the realization that evolution can occur rapidly. Witnessing life evolve in real-time opened my eyes. This understanding, coupled with the alarming pace of environmental degradation, underscores the urgency of our current era—a time marked by mass extinction and the dawn of the Anthropocene age. Observing this cycle of creation and destruction reshapes our perception of existence.
What does this evolution mean for our understanding of the present?
Contrary to the belief that evolutionary processes are solely historical, contemporary scientists can observe these changes at the genetic and molecular levels. This realization transforms our understanding of the present moment, making it significant rather than merely transitional. In line with Emerson's assertion that America could produce great literature, I believe that the present is vibrant and filled with potential.
How do you reconcile the ideas of longevity with ecological concerns?
While exploring concepts surrounding immortality in my book, Long for This World, I grappled with the implications of extending human lifespan. The challenge lies in balancing our existence with the well-being of other living beings. Despite advancements in increasing the lifespan of simpler organisms, the complexity of human life raises questions about the feasibility of such changes and their ethical implications.
What fascinates you about the concept of nothingness?
When engaging with those skeptical of science, discussions about evolution can evoke fear of being reduced to mere biological components. The fear that we are "nothing but" is reminiscent of reactions to Darwin's theories. However, I believe our intricate nature and rich inner lives persist, even in light of scientific understanding. Analyzing neurons does not diminish our complexity; rather, it enhances our appreciation for life's wonders.
Do you think we will still experience awe once consciousness is fully understood?
Similar to how understanding that the heart functions as a pump did not strip us of our emotional depth, comprehending consciousness will not diminish our experiences. Life will continue in all its richness, and the fear of nothingness is ultimately unfounded. My journey from skepticism to fascination with neuroscience reflects this understanding; as we deepen our knowledge of evolution and the brain, we enhance our appreciation for life itself.